Harnessing Soil Ecology through Biochar and AMF Integration for Improved Growth and Enzymatic Dynamics in Swiss Chard

Biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are increasingly recognized for their potential to improve soil quality and plant productivity. This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of non-wood biochar and AMF on growth performance, root morphology, physiological attributes, and soil enzymatic activity in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.) under pot conditions. A randomized block design was employed with four treatments and three replications: A₁ (control, no amendment), A₂ (biochar alone), A₃ (AMF alone), and A₄ (combined AMF and biochar). Results demonstrated that biochar application alone significantly enhanced plant growth parameters, including shoot length, leaf dimensions, leaf number, and biomass accumulation (fresh and dry weight), compared to the control. Improvements were also observed in root morphological traits, physiological performance, and soil enzymatic activities. AMF inoculation further contributed to plant and soil improvements; however, the combined application (A₄) produced the most pronounced effects across all measured variables. The synergistic interaction between AMF and biochar resulted in superior plant growth, enhanced root system architecture, improved physiological efficiency, and elevated soil enzymatic activity and microbial biomass. Overall, the findings highlight the synergistic potential of integrating AMF with biochar as a sustainable soil management strategy to enhance crop productivity and soil biological functioning.